By Elena Salman
- Chemical Engineer, ideopsis Ltd
Plastics are an integral part of our daily lives and can be found almost everywhere, from food packaging and household items to clothing, vehicles, and building materials. Under the identification code system, plastics are grouped into seven categories to identify the type of material from which they are made, with each category having different properties and uses. Along with the benefits they offer, however, they also pose significant environmental challenges. One of these is microplastics—very small plastic particles that may not be visible to the naked eye but persist in the environment for a long time. Microplastics are generally defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters. Some are produced from the outset in very small sizes, while others are created gradually as larger plastic objects wear down and break into smaller pieces.
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Interestingly, their presence isn’t limited to the plastic waste we see on beaches, streets, or in the countryside. Microplastics can be released through everyday activities that we often do not directly associate with plastic pollution. One significant source is the wear and tear of vehicle tires. As a car moves, the constant friction between the tires and the road causes wear and the release of very small particles. Similarly, synthetic clothing can release microscopic fibers during use and washing. Paints and coatings are also a significant source of microplastics, while losses can also result from small plastic granules, known as “pellets,” which are used as raw material for the production of plastic products.
According to data from the European Environment Agency, the most significant sources of unintentional microplastic releases in the European Union include paints, tires, plastic pellets, and synthetic fabrics. The main problem with microplastics is that they do not break down easily. They can remain in the environment for a long time, and because of their very small size, they are difficult to remove once released. Through the air, rainwater, and storm drains, they can be carried into rivers, oceans, and soil. Thus, plastic pollution is no longer limited to just the plastic objects we can see. Part of it consists of microscopic particles circulating in the environment without us even realizing it.
Addressing microplastic pollution is now a key part of European environmental policy. The European Union’s goal is to reduce the release of microplastics into the environment by 30% by 2030. In this context, Regulation (EU) 2023/2055, under REACH, imposes restrictions on microplastics intentionally added to various products, such as cosmetics and detergents, providing for different transition periods depending on the product category. At the same time, the most recent Regulation (EU) 2025/2365 establishes obligations for the prevention of plastic pellet losses at all stages of the supply chain, with its main obligations set to take effect in December 2027. According to the latest estimates from the European Environment Agency, microplastic releases in the EU increased by approximately 7–9% between 2016 and 2022, although these estimates are subject to a significant degree of uncertainty. Based on available data, the EU is not currently on track to meet its 30% reduction target by 2030.
Addressing microplastics requires measures throughout the entire product lifecycle, from design and production to use and waste management. At the same time, small changes in our daily habits can help reduce plastic pollution. Extending the lifespan of products, avoiding unnecessary consumption, and using and managing plastics responsibly are steps in this direction. Similarly, proper maintenance of vehicles and tires can help reduce wear and tear.
Microplastics may be small in size, but their environmental impact is significant. Preventing their creation and release, combined with effective measures at the European and national levels, is crucial for the gradual reduction of this “invisible” form of plastic pollution.
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